Anti-Abortion Speech

Did you know that there are about 3,700 abortions a day in the US? So approximately 1. 3 million unpunished and LEGAL murders are occurring every year. I personally think that is absurd. Abortion is wrong and I am going to tell you why you shouldn’t get one or support them because of the adoption option, the after effects and the simple fact that it’s murder. I am a Catholic so, obviously my church strongly opposes abortion. I think that abortion is morally wrong and a highly debated topic in which there is a crystal clear answer. One must wonder why a woman would seek out an abortion when there are other more humane options available. Adoption, of course, is the main option. Adoption is a win- win situation. The mother will be able to pursue her goals before she was pregnant and not have the burden of a child before she is ready and at the same time, bring tremendous joy to the adoptive parents. There are situations where the birth mother can be actively involved if she desires. This is called an open adoption. There are various degrees from the child seeing the birth mother every day, to just writing letters. Another type of adoption is the closed adoption. In it, the mother knows nothing of the adoptive parents. Adoption can shelter the mother from mental and physical issues that she would experience if she went through with an abortion. Over 100 physical complications have been associated with abortion. Some complications include infections, endotoxic shock, convulsions and even sterility. The psychological effects are even more prominent. Studies within the first weeks after abortion show 40- 60% of women reported negative reactions such as guilt, nervous disorders, sleep disturbances and regret. Some even required psychotropic medicine. â€Å"I was an emotional wreck. The following day I was empty, sad, and numb. I knew that day I had made a huge mistake. I wished with all my heart I would have done things differently,† Carrie Camilleri said. The emotional and physical pain experienced by the patients also comes to some abortion doctors. A lot of the time, abortionists start to realize that what they are doing is morally wrong. They begin to show emotional and physical signs after every abortion they perform. Dr. McArthur, a former abortionist said, â€Å"Abortion started to get to me in my dreams. I had a recurring nightmare in which I delivered a healthy, newborn baby. I held the baby up and faced a jury of faceless people, asking them what I should do with the baby. ‘Thumbs up or thumbs down? ’ On the floor underneath the baby was a bucket of water for drowning the baby if the jury gave a verdict of thumbs down. I never put the baby in the bucket because I would always wake up. † Obvously, this man was disturbed and eventually quit the practice. Both the pain of the woman and the doctor pale in comparison to the fate of the unwanted baby. Abortion is murder. I went to dictionary. com and searched â€Å"life. † It defined life as â€Å"an organismic state characterized by capacity for metabolism, growth and reaction to stimili. And doesn’t a fetus possess all these things? So therefore it is alive. I also searched â€Å"murder† which was defined as â€Å"the brutal or inhumane killing of a human being. † Abortion is just that. I’m not going to go into detail but, basically in most abortions, the doctors chop the baby into pieces then pull it out with plier like tools. So, to those of you who think abortion isn’t painful to the baby, just imagine your baby sibling or cousin. Look through their eyes. Would it be painful to them? So, as you see, abortion is morally wrong because of the physical and emotional effects on both the doctors and patients and the fact that it is murder and therefore should not be supported. Also, abortion is a stupid decision when there is the rewarding option of adoption available. I encourage all of you to evaluate your standing on abortion. And maybe even participate in the pro life movement. Thank you for listening.

Statement of Academic/ Career Goals

Being fond of pharmacy and with a desire to be a pharmacist, I m currently an undergraduate student in College of Arts and Science with my majors in Chemistry. I’ve always dreamt of becoming a pharmacist while studying in USA for which I am eager to work hard and whole heartedly. I was also in Letters Dean’s list in 2007-fall semester and joined the Chemistry school department symposium in 2008. I am also a social servant and have been a lifelong volunteer in Taiwanese Social Organization that took take care of impoverished patients in persistent vegetative state (PVS) suffers in nursing home environment. By serving there I gained experience in cost reduction and acquired leadership and managerial skills. I always wanted to achieve something high in academics due to which I have high spirits and faith in me. The reason for selecting United States among the numerous choices was the excellent learning environment found there which is the only way to fulfill my academic aspirations and for which I am ready to strive as much as possible. The way of teaching and inspiration that comes from United States attracts me the most which unfortunately, I wasn’t able to find in my country Taiwan. The learning environment at United States positively reinforces and encourages the students to think, express and be creative whereas in other countries punishments are used to push students along with cramming studies. In the United States, I believe that EMU is the platform where I can pursue my highly spirited goals and where my skills can be enhanced and polished because of the learned science faculty available there. I’ve been enrolled at this grand institute for more than a year and through my hard work have been able to complete 50 credit hours up till now. Even though I was faced with a lot of problems and financial constraints, I never compromised on my result and attained an overall GPA of 3. 07 and maintained an excellent GPA of 3. 4 in my major. This institute opened me to a new world of science where I saw my dreams coming to be true. This period holds strategic importance in further nurturing my interest and convincing me with the passing time that EMU is the right place for me for providing quality learning. EMU not only played a role in increasing my knowledge and skills but also made me learn other important things. The first thing that I learnt at the place was the significance of honesty. The institute explained me new definitions of cheating and plagiarism which had been never taught before and I eventually realized their importance in building my personality once I began to study at EMU. It made me more creative, self dependent and work harder since I learnt to complete assignments and reports with the help of my own ideas and information acquired through hard work from different sources. This also helped in nurturing my grammar and composition skills which were tremendously improved. Moreover, my interpersonal skills improved drastically in the university’s environment which was previously hidden in the Chinese culture I came from. My introvert nature disappeared and I was able to interact freely with my professors and classmates while frequently raising questions which was not so in my old country school. EMU has taught me to be individualistic and self-reliant while at the same time made me affluent and interactive. By studying at EMU, I’ve been able to acquire a professional knowledge through the courses and lectures taught by my learned professors. I had to take a lot of science courses since I was in the pre-pharmacy program. This was the point where my interest in Chemistry developed and eventually I became fond of it. Previously, I had an impression that Chemistry is a tough subject but the professors and learning environment at EMU made everything easy for me and my interest in Chemistry was further nurtured. In the initial semesters I learned about the basic principles and laws of Chemistry while in the last semester this knowledge became more profound and in-depth. All this knowledge and courses are adding up to my skills which will make me appropriate to pursue a career in pharmacy. Moreover, at EMU I’ve learnt to collaborate and work as a team. This skill was acquired by working in labs where I gained not only practical skills but also attained the spirit of a team. I am now experienced at handling chemical apparatus and equipments for the purpose of using them in experiments. This demanded considerable hard work because of the language barriers due to which I had to preview lab manuals and practice a lot before coming to the lab. But since I am not afraid of hard work I did everything that it took to acquire complete knowledge. Breaking the language barriers was one of the greatest achievements for me and that built in me self confidence and strength to face challenges. This actually allowed me to help my classmates with their problems related to labs, equations and graphs. The language obstacles instead of serving as a hindrance actually motivated me to strengthen my English skills and communication power due to which I started being careful on every detail. Besides Chemistry, I also focused on Biology and Physics which advanced my researching and citation, and measurements and calculations respectively. I also felt the warmness of American culture at EMU since my classmates understood that I came from a different cultural background and helped me in every way in understanding the language and accommodating into an American culture. Studying at EMU has changed my life, and I truly think that EMU is the right place for me to accomplish my dream of being a pharmacist. The promising environment and the learned faculty encouraged me to take a further step towards my goal. Delving more into my career aspirations I assimilated more and more knowledge which made me more eager to learn. For all these reasons I have made my decision to complete my bachelor degree of Chemistry at EMU and then apply for pharmacy schools. I have high aspirations to pursue what I yearn for and want to live up to my dreams in order to be proud and self-satisfied. I am also aware of the fact that behind every dream there are hardships and I am ready to strive and work hard for achieving what I plan to. My philosophy in life is the belief in hard work because this can earn me what I strive for and I look forward to develop my specific skills and competences for achieving my long-term goals. For this my bachelor degree from EMU is very important for my future. I have financial troubles but your scholarship can serve as a blessing to me and help in fulfilling my long awaited dreams. Statement of Need I am a Taiwanese student working hard to achieve a career in my field of interest. Like all other students, I am also striving to attain the skills and knowledge for expanding my horizons of intellectual abilities. In order to accomplish this, I have decided to shift to US since it is a land of excellent education which can quench my thirst for knowledge. Though adjusting in American culture is difficult but I have tried my level best to handle all the obstacles and have been able to adjust quite well. I want to pursue career in pharmacy so that I can help people in their pain and sufferings which has always touched me. I come from a single family since my dad passed away when I was 13 and my mom was the only person who had to work to earn a living for the whole family. She is now a 70 year old retiree and the whole family has to live on her pension plans. To date, I have completed my education from my previous savings and help from my family. Since I have a younger brother and an elder sister, I cannot use much of the savings of my family and therefore, I am left with a meager amount which is not enough to complete my under graduation. My family income is my mother’s pension plan and her whole life savings which have almost exhausted. She has mortgaged her only house to a bank so that I continue studying in US in order to seek the dream of becoming a pharmacist. I am in a strong need for scholarship which is the only way through which I can make my future. Since I am categorized as an international student I have to pay a higher sum of money than the US residents which further worsens the problem. Moreover, the US government does not permits international students to work and regards it as illegal therefore; I don’t have any source of income at present. My annual tuition fee is around $32000 apart from living, renting, transportation, books, eating etc. Since I am living without my family members therefore, I have no family support and have to manage all the expenses myself. The total expense of tuition and living becomes enormous and cannot be managed with the loaned amount and my mother’s pension plans. This is why I am in a dire need of your scholarship so that I can continue my education and get the degree I promised my mother and myself. All these factors are a hindrance towards my academic progress therefore, I m writing this with great hope and faith in your scholarship program which can help in removing my worries and troubles. I need this scholarship desperately because I have exhausted my savings and family income on previous tuitions in US. My request for financial help is well intentioned and your scholarship can provide me with a relief after which I can devote my maximum attention to my dreams and aspirations of becoming a successful pharmacist.

Expansion Essay Essay

There were two presidents that did a great deal for our country in the area of expansion. These two presidents are Thomas Jefferson and James K. Polk. Though they had completely different policies on expansion and foreign affairs, both of them vastly expanded the country. Jefferson was a believer in the Monroe Doctrine which basically said we will mind our own busi ness. He was also a very firm believer in a strict interpretation of the constitution. He did not look to vastly expand our country and when the opportunity presented itself he had a hard time making the right decision. The United States was surrounded by European owned areas: England had Canada, Spain had Florida, and France had Louisiana. Fearing a possible war Jefferson strengthened the army especially by Louisiana. This act scared Napoleon, he was in a war with England and didn’t even need the Louisiana Territory, so fearing a war with the U.S. and needing money for his war with England he offered to sell the wh ole Louisi ana Territory to us for very cheap. Jefferson not sure if the constitution justified the act of making this purchase struggled with the decision. He decided he didn’t have much of a choice and accepted Napoleons offer. On the other hand, James K. Polk was a firm believer in Manifest Destiny, which was the belief that the United States was predestined to control all of North America. When Polk ran in the 1844 election his campaign slogan was 54-40 or fight. Though he never got that boundary he did get a lot more in different parts of the country. After Texas revolted from Mexico Polk was easy to convince that the U.S. should step in and take Texas from Mexico. Though he wanted Texas he felt that the greatest prize would be California. After Mexico repeatedly declined Polk’s offers to buy Mexico and California Polk sent an army to the Rio Grande. This action led to the Mexican War. Polk pushed and pushed for Texas and California which after thirteen thousand American lives and fifty thousand Mexican lives were lost he got his land. Both of these presidents expanded the area of our country a tremendously. Jefferson’s policies on expansion kept us out of war and doubled the size of our country with great land that would be much needed in coming years. Polk didn’t keep us out of war but he got us a lot. He gained the United States half a million acres of prime land. Texas was an excellent producer of cotton and other crops, while Califor nia was abundant in gold causing the gold rush where thousands of men would head west to California in search of gold. Though Polk and Jefferson had almost opposite policies, in the area of expansion, they both ac quired much land for the United States. Jefferson, the believer in the Monroe Doctrine, and Polk the believer in Manifest Destiny, probably would not have agreed with each other but both did a lot of good for our country.

Cottage Cheese Experiment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cottage Cheese Experiment - Essay Example In the experiment, plate counts were used instead of direct microscopic counts or turbidity measurements because of the obvious advantages of the first method. Although plate counts can be tedious and time-consuming, this method is â€Å"relatively easy to perform† and it is â€Å"much more sensitive than turbidimetric measurement† (Brodhagen, 2007). This means that with plate counts, a relatively more accurate bacterial count can be obtained compared to obtaining turbidity measurements. The only disadvantages with plate counts, however, include the lengthy incubation period required for the colonies to grow and become visible, and the possibility of crowding of colonies which will most likely require serial dilution (Abedon, 2003). Nevertheless, these disadvantages do not compare to those of direct microscopic counts and turbidity measurements. In direct microscopic counts, the number of living cells cannot be distinguished from the dead cells, which may be included in the count (Brodhagen, 2007). In the same way, turbidity measurements may not fare well in the bacterial count as clumps of cottage cheese may not be distinguishable from the mass of cells that is expected to block of intercept light (Brodhagen, 2007). These two methods – direct microscopic count and turbidity measurement – are actually less time-consuming than plate counts, but the disadvantages simply outweigh this advantage. The goal of the cottage cheese experiment after all is accuracy and not speed. When it comes to the difference between the control cottage cheese and the experiment cottage cheese, the difference cannot be exactly determined due to insufficiency of data. Basically we need more information on the consistency or lumpiness of the cheeses, their gross appearance after the experiment and perhaps differences in texture, temperature and other aspects. The most obvious difference is that control cheese has no preservative added but experimental cheese has. It then follows that if this is the only difference between the two, then this is a fair test.   Besides, both cheeses have been subjected to the same variables – the same temperature and incubation period lengths, and assuming the same mode of preparation.

MGT 511 CASE ASSIGNMENT MODULE 4 Employee and Industrial Relations Essay

MGT 511 CASE ASSIGNMENT MODULE 4 Employee and Industrial Relations - Essay Example In terms of strategic human resource management, the employees as well as the industrial relations play a major role in the success of the strategic human resource management. A few of the many aspects that impact the strategic human resource management within a company include the following: a) Engaging employees: Employees form the main element of any business and the main aim of industrial relations is to ensure that a strong and effective relationship is built between the employers and employees (D'Annunzio-Green, Maxwell and Watson). The industrial relations also focus on protecting the rights of the management as well as the rights of the employees. This is in most cases done by creating goodwill and also with mutual understanding and trust among all the parties involved in the organisation. Industrial relations focuses on complete engagement of the employees and also focuses on improving the overall productivity and performance of the employees. Here the aim is to reduce the p ossible turnover and also to reduce the frequent absenteeism within the company as well (Armstrong). Strategic Human Resource management is focused on developing an interrelated approach towards better relationships and also higher productivity. The participation of the employees and the emphasis on the work groups have a major impact on the overall strategic human resource management (Greer). Employee participation includes the following aspects, i.e. motivation of employees, the commitment of the workforce, high efficiency, and also good and strong decision making within the company (York). All of these contribute to the strategic human resource management. b) Employee Performance and Documentation: The need for freedom of performance, thought and also expression is one of the main aspects of every employee in almost every industry. However when these are ignored and employees are treated more as objects than individuals, the impact is directly seen on the overall desire, motivati on and performance (Beer, Lawrence and Mills). An important aspect that every worker wants from the job is the security and recognition of a job well done. Employees also seek out good pay, good and safe working conditions and also any chance of participating in the decision making within a company (Dessler). Human resource management involves the understanding of the needs and aspirations of the workers and also works developing and explaining the behaviour of both individuals as well as groups and to look at possible ways to use the behaviour to improve the working conditions and also to work more successfully towards the objectives of the company (Jack and Halloran). Good understanding of the employees and their needs and also focus on the improvement of the working conditions of the company help reducing the overall conflicts within the company and also help in betterment of the employee participation equally (Torrington, Hall and Taylor, Fundamentals of Human Resource Managemen t: Managing People at Work). c) Complaint systems and whistleblowers   A complaint system and whistleblower is important for every business and helps keeping the disputes at bay and even in a number of cases preventing the disputes. Different complaint systems like the employee grievance redressals, which work on ensuring that the employee grievances are looked into and taken care of and industrial disputes are

The movie Thank you for Smoking Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Thank you for Smoking - Movie Review Example On a deeper level, the movie also explores the world of corruption in politics and the government. In one scene, Nick mentions to his son that his â€Å"job calls for a moral flexibility that goes beyond most individuals.† It shows Nick, as a lobbyist, is required to disregard any real concern for the stakeholders as he drifts into the world of propaganda. Though the genre of the movie is satire, viewers may wonder if it is founded on facts. It may be unnerving to imagine that corporate PR depends on the lobbyist’s lack of moral accountability to support their cause and win the case. This could mean that lobbyists are expected to exhaust all means to create successful publicity, with the end justifying the means. The way Nick circumvents the truth to preserve public opinion unfortunately typifies the uncaring way these people do they jobs to achieve their objectives. For example, Nick’s company implements a corporate citizenship project intended to create a facad e of public concern by giving back to society. However, the anti-teen smoking campaign is merely done to avoid bad publicity. Additionally, the company’s monetary gift to the dying Marlboro man is to keep him silent from attacking the tobacco industry.

Liberalisation of Financial Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Liberalisation of Financial Markets - Essay Example during the 1970s and 1980s and was characterised by the abolition of credit and interest rate ceilings, the abolition of controls on international movements of capital, as well as the abolition of regulations affecting a wide range of financial activities in a significant number of OECD countries. (Blundell-Wignall and Browne, 1991). One can observe from table 1 that most of the reforms took between the 1970s and 1990s and mainly involved the elimination of interest rate ceilings and credit limits. Banks were also given more freedom to engage in mortgages. Financial liberalisation has also been characterised by securitisation1. Financial liberalisation has been successful in that it has encouraged the formation of stock markets where they did not exist and has encouraged their deepening where they predated the reforms. (Grabel, 1995). For example, there has been an impressive expansion of stock markets in less developed countries (LDCs) following the adoption of financial liberalisation in these countries. ... -Implementation of the Second Banking Directive (89/646/EEC) into national law in 1993; -Separation of long-term and short-term credit institutions abolished in 1994. United Kingdom -Credit controls "the corset", eliminated in 1980; -Bank of England's minimum lending rate abolished in 1981; -Banks allowed to compete with building societies for having finance after 1981; -Building societies allowed to expand their lending business after 1986; -Withdrawal of guidelines on mortgage lending in 1986; -Securitisation introduced in 1987; -Implementation of the Second Banking Directive (89/646/EEC) into national law in 1993; Canada -Elimination of ceilings on interest rates on bank loans in 1967; -Restrictions on banks' involvement in mortgage financing abolished in 1967; -Banks allowed to have mortgage loan subsidiaries in 1980; -Securitisation in 1987. Source: Boone et al. (2001). One can observe from table 1 that most of the reforms took between the 1970s and 1990s and mainly involved the elimination of interest rate ceilings and credit limits. Banks were also given more freedom to engage in mortgages. Financial liberalisation has also been characterised by securitisation1. Financial liberalisation has been successful in that it has encouraged the formation of stock markets where they did not exist and has encouraged their deepening where they predated the reforms. (Grabel, 1995). For example, there has been an impressive expansion of stock markets in less developed countries (LDCs) following the adoption of financial liberalisation in these countries. For example, Grabel (1995) notes that LDC stock markets listed some 5,531 domestic companies and had a market capitalisation of US$86,125million and an annual trading volume of US$23,672million in 1980. By 1992, 36

Organizational Behavior Forces Discussion Term Paper

Organizational Behavior Forces Discussion - Term Paper Example Ikon had incurred a loss of $94 million because of restructuring. The resulting effect on the organization was enhancing the communication system that would enable organizational learning and also clarify accountability of results (Abstracts, 2010). Organizational mission- The aim of Great Lakes Landscaping is to provide total satisfaction through its services. The company tries to attain top results from its performance. This mission serves as the driving force behind its organization behavioral activities. This is demonstrated by the company’s focus on the development of a highly trained staff and maximizing the expertise in their respective fields (Great Lakes Landscaping, 2008). Similarly, the mission of capital One Financial Corp is lending the best possible of financial services to its customers. A wide of variety of service has been designed considering this mission. Fiscal Policies- External factors like fiscal policies greatly affect the way companies operate. This is most relevant for companies like Ikon. Fiscal policies would mean injection of money in the economy where individual incomes would also be high. Thus, people would be in a better position to buy luxury items. Thus fiscal policies influence the decision making in organizations. The price strategies are determined by the decision making. ... The rates of interest in the market, the purchasing power of consumers, etc would influence their strategies. During recession, a number of companies were seen to alter their interest rates to lend more support to the consumers. However, during times of prosperity their competitive strategies remain different. Also, during recession, employees are faced with a lot of insecurity and instability. During these times, the management is required to focus on greater security of employees. Employee relations are given greater priority. Economic factors influence the designing of pricing structures of Great Lakes Landscaping in order to remain competitive in the market. The price structure not only determines the competitive position of the company but helps in retaining and maintaining a constant customer base. The company goes out of its way to demonstrate how investments can be minimized and results can be maximized (Great Lakes Landscaping, 2008). Customer demands- Consumer demands would play a major role for a company like Starkey. This is because the product is very demand specific. It is very crucial that the company makes a thorough analysis of the market conditions, like the demand in the market for such products or the population demographics. An ageing population would necessarily mean that there would be a greater demand for hearing aids in the market. It also holds true for a company like Great Lakes Landscape. It would depend on consumer awareness about the society’s environment. Globalization- globalizations and communication has made the availability of foreign product more easily accessible to consumers in different countries. Goods and services can also now be available at cheap prices. The price of a product produced by Ikon would

Evidence Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Evidence Law - Essay Example In such cases, it is deemed that the confessions ceases to be reliable, and, as a result, may not tenable in a Court of Law. In such cases, what needs to be assessed is not what transported after the confessions was obtained, but what anteceded the confession, or in other words, the role of actions that led to the signing of the confessions by the defendants. "To justify the arrest, there had to be evidence that would lead a reasonable person to suspect that the arrestee had committed the offence." (What is a citizen's arrests 2007). In the interpretation of Section 76 (2) of the Act, it has been determined that where the prosecution wished to admit evidence in substantiation of their arguments, to establish complicity of the accused, the Courts, may disallow the said evidence to be used, if it has reasons to believe that this has been given under 'oppression' of the person, or by the occurrences of certain events or circumstances, which has rendered the evidence as unreliable. In such cases, it is for the prosecution to evidence that the evidences, true or otherwise was not obtained through "oppression' or other undesirable methods. (Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Ch 60). 2007). It is further seen under Section 78, that the law also covers exclusion of 'unfair evidence' which states, that the Courts have discretionary powers to disallow evidence brought in by the prosecution as a basis of their argument, which, in the opinion of the Court, could have an "adverse effect" on the principles of fair trial for the accused. How However, this section needs to consider taking cognizance of the inclusion of evidence when rule of law specifically provides that it should be obeyed by the Court. (Statutes: Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Ch 60): Part VIII - Evidence in Criminal proceeding: General Confession: In this case it is seen that proceedings were initiated against Mr. Harry Collingwood and Mr. Fred Vaughan after alleged possession of items that could because blasts were recovered from search of their premises. Although they maintained their innocence, they were denied services of lawyers, and were subjected to physical and mental degradation. A solicitor or appropriate adult must be permitted to consult a detainee's custody records as soon as practicable after their arrival at the station and at any other time which the person is detained. (Police and criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE). 2007). After this, they were forced to sign confessional statements accepting their complicity in the bomb blasts in Central London station. The evidences that could be used against Harry and Fred are: 1. the presence of incriminatory evidences in their premises 2. Their confessional statements forcibly made by Detective Inspector Lewis. There are various statutes which deal with the matter of explosive substances found in the possessions of residents of UK. Under the Explosive Substances Act 1883, if any explosive substances are found in the possession of a person, unless he can prove that its use was for 'lawful purposes' he could be sentenced to penal servitude for not less than 14 years, or imprisonment for 2 years. (Explosive Substances Act: 1883. 2007). In this case, if the substances were genuinely in the possession

A personal experience on a vaction trip to paris,france Essay

A personal experience on a vaction trip to paris,france - Essay Example I was really excited to see the Eiffel Tower because I had read many stories about it. â€Å"The Eiffel Tower is the symbol of Paris and likely the most recognizable landmark of the city. It was built by Gustave Eiffel for the World Exhibition of 1889 and it was never meant to be a permanent addition to the citys skyline. Initially, the artists and writers of Paris expressed their strong disapproval regarding to the tower, but later generations commended it. The figures are impressive (like the fact that it weighs 7000 tons) but forget about them and try to enjoy the sight.† (Places to Visit in France) After visiting the Eiffel Tower I wanted to see Sainte-Chapelle. Many people believe that it is the gateway to heaven, I have read so many true stories about the uniqueness of this church, it sounded so special, and I decided that I had to see it for myself. I was very impressed, the church was exceptionally beautiful, I had seen many churches earlier in my life but, indubitably, this one was special and really beautiful. After visiting the beautiful church I headed towards the museum in Paris. This was on the top of my must see places so I headed straight towards fulfilling my wish. The museum had a great collection; it had some rare coins, transcripts and so on. These things were very rare and this was, perhaps, why they were locked inside a museum. The entry inside the museum was not free, but it was not too expensive and going to the museum in France was a one of kind experience. Notre Dame Cathedral was my next destination. This cathedral is very famous for its gothic architecture and this is exactly why I decided to see it and it was certainly not a letdown. This cathedral is located in the heart of the city and several tourists visit it day in, day out. I decided to relax; and what is a better place to relax than the Luxembourg Gardens? Several tourists go to these gardens regularly in order to relax and find

Online Social Network Bring More Benefits Than Harm for Teens Essay Example for Free

Online Social Network Bring More Benefits Than Harm for Teens Essay Social networking is even used to prove the legitimacy or credibility of the individual. From entertainment, information to career improvement, social networking has practically changed the way people communicate and interact online. But social networks still have to face certain challenges especially on the users’ end since these challenges could harm users and the social network’s reputation. It is important for users of social network to consider these issues that surround the social network. By remembering these challenges, users will be able to protect themselves from negative repercussions on some issues on social network. Privacy as the Main Concern The number one problem users as well as social network administrators face everyday is security. It can happen in any given time with or without the user online. Attacks on different social networking website are always a possibility because the data protected by social networks are too precious to be ignored by attackers. Viruses, spywares and worms that aim to crawl through security protocols of social networks are constantly threatening social networks. Considerable time and resources are always spent by social networks in order to maintain privacy of their users. A single attack could make every user vulnerable to security related problems such as identity theft. Information Access Access to social networking websites varies. Some website will allow any user to access information of persons even though they are not part of the user’s network while some social network prohibit access to any form of information without confirmation from the profile owner. Problems regarding information access could be completely controlled by user but unauthorized access could still happen especially for those who are just starting to understand the rules of different social networks. Updated Notification Every social network provides real time notification usually through email if there are any changes in the user’s profile. But most notifications are very limited and they are usually on the positive things that happened on the social network. For example, when a request to connect is asked, the user will automatically be notified through email or any messaging system the user prefers. But social networks will never inform the user if someone willingly removes their connection. This is done to avoid confrontations between users which significantly affect the relationship. Misuse of Social Networks Unfortunately, there are those who use social network for scams and other illegal purposes. There have been reports around the world that social networks are used to spread rumors, lies or degrading messages that could affect the person’s reputation. â€Å"Cyber bullying† or an act of being hostile to another user online has also been observed in some social networks. This type of actions should never be allowed in any social network. Users have to be careful on the veracity of the data they receive and to take actions as soon as possible as soon as something undesirable is found on social networks. Protection for Children Aside from privacy and misuse of social networks, the vulnerability of minors is also a big problem for all social networks. While some social networks are geared towards adults, most social networks are open to everyone – including minors. Unfortunately, minors on social networks could become targets of sexual predators that can cloak their real identity in different social networks. While some legislators have taken steps in preventing these offenders from using social networks these efforts could be easily curtailed especially when the offender is more than familiar with the internet.

Attachment Styles and Relationships Essay Example for Free

Attachment Styles and Relationships Essay As human being there is the thought that love is difficult to understand. Why are some people attracted to the people that they are attracted to and what is it that draws them to each other? Understanding the dimensions of love and knowing attachment styles clear up some of the confusion. There are three dimensions of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment. These are known as the triangular theory of love (Sternberg, 1986, 1987). Intimacy refers to mutual understanding, warm affection, and mutual concern for the others welfare (Baumgardner, 2009). Intimacy is imperative to a relationship if it is going to last. With intimacy there is a bond or a closeness between a couple. If a couple has intimacy, they are connected on more of an emotional level than a couple who only experiences passion. Intimate couples have more of a chance to move on to commitment as well. While intimacy is a big step toward commitment, having intimacy does not necessarily mean that there will be commitment on anyone’s part. There may be nothing more to the relationship other than the passion and intimacy which is romantic love. As long as neither person plans to be with this person for a long time there is not a commitment. Passion means strong emotion, excitement, and physical arousal, often tied to sexual desire and attraction (Baumgardner, 2009). Passion can be lustful infatuation but is also an important element to a happy and strong relationship. A relationship without any of these components could be in danger of dissolving, however, in our society today, sex and passion is very important. The importance placed on sex by society is taught to children early in life, most before they know what it is. A couple without passion could lose the bond they have created through intimacy without any passion and risk them falling out of love. Commitment is the conscious decision to stay in a relationship for the long haul (Baumgardner, 2009). Being committed does not necessarily mean that there is intimacy and passion involved. Many couples decide to stay together for different reasons even though there is no love involved. Some couples stay together for the benefit of the children if there are any, others may be bused or have low self-esteem, or it may be ma simple matter of convenience. Consummate love combines high levels of all three dimensions to create a complete love. This is a love where some of the components may fade but are never completely gone. Intimacy, passion, and commitment may be stronger in some couples than others but they are happy and in tune with each other. These couples prefer the company of each other over going out with a group or crowd. They always touch or have some type of contact with each other and prefer to be close to each other most of the time. The attachment theory raises the intriguing possibility that some of our most basic, and perhaps unconscious, emotional responses to intimacy are shaped by the relationships we have with our parents (Baumgardner, 2009). Infant attachment styles look at the relationship between children and their caregivers. There is an assessment of attachment styles known as the strange situation test. This experiment involved an infant, the child’s mother, and a stranger in a room equipped with toys. The test involved seeing how the child would react when the mother left the room, then again when the stranger left and came back in a specific order. Most infants showed a secure attachment style. This style shows that the child is secure and confident while the mother is in the room, and as the mother leaves, shows some distress and plays with less of the toys. After the mother returns, so does the child’s confidence. Some of the children exhibited no signs of distress when their mothers left the room and even avoided the mother. This is avoidance attachment style. The anxious-ambivalent attachment style is the style used to describe the minority of children who both seek and avoid the mother’s attention. They played very little and showed great distress when the mother left the room. The parenting style of the mothers to these children were avoidant and almost neglectful, showing mixed feelings toward the child. There are four adult attachment styles also. Secure attachment, preoccupied attachment, fearful avoidant attachment, and dismissing avoidant attachment. Secure attachment style describes people who are confident in their relationship, with no anxiety or avoidance. A relationship of a couple with secure attachment style experiences positive emotions and sensitivity toward each other’s needs. The preoccupied attachment style represents people who want intimacy but have high levels of anxiety and low self-esteem. Their actions are centered more on themselves that those of the people they claim to love even though they may seem loving and caring. The fearful attachment style describes people who are high in avoidance and anxiety because of their low self-esteem and fear of being rejected. These people display a lack of love for themselves and therefore, feel they cannot be loved. These people show little to no trust toward people and may come off as hostile or distant. Dismissing avoidant attachment describes people who are high in avoidance and low anxiety. This type of people are usually self-reliant, independent, and confident. Basically their view is that they do not need other people because they, themselves, are all they need. Relationships with these people are usually without commitment and less intimacy than those of secure or preoccupied attachment styles (Baumgardner, 2009). People’s attachment styles define what their relationship will be like. For example, a person who exhibits the fearful avoidant attachment may be alone most of his or her life because they are too afraid of rejection to ask for or accept a date. People with secure attachment have healthy relationships and seem more satisfied with their lives. If a person is unhappy with themselves the idea that no one else could love them could destroy a relationship. To make sure both parties are equally happy, compromises and considerations need to be thought of. Getting to know all of the things a person likes and dislikes is the most exciting part of a new relationship. If done well, it will result in a well-rounded couple.

Controlling Organized Crime

Controlling Organized Crime Crime is a part of society. It would be naÃÆ'Â ¯ve to believe that a society could completely rid itself of crime. Crime is based on the perception and the actions of individuals. Some see their actions as good and some see them as bad. The problem with this is that sometimes the perception of those committing negative acts that society views as crimes do not see their actions as criminal. Crime is based on the actions of the individuals and depending upon the moral statutes that the society has brought upon them the society deems what is criminal by what they perceive and have implemented as illegal. In this paper an attempt to identify the problems, which are obtainable, and the innumerable associations recognized through organized crime will be established. We will attempt to designate the legitimate boundaries correlated with contesting organized crime, involving an analysis of the general national laws and stratagems that sustenance this exertion. We will also attempt to propo se a convincing clarification regarding controlled organized crime by examining and assessing the efficiency of organized crime examinations. Problems Although most issues related to social control or moral regulation have a political aspect to them, discussions related to organized crime are steeped in politics-from the creation of illegal markets in the first place, to the declarations of the size of the threat and the passing into force of extra-ordinary legislation to attack the problem (Beare, 1999). Organized crime creates various problems by the relationships that it establishes. Much of these problems come from the idea that organized crime is involved with and has its influence over politics. When organized crime is involved in politics this can have many severe and negative effects for the citizens of the United States as well as for the policy makers within the government. When those involved in organized crime begin to be involved with those elected to make our policies and laws that we live by the representatives of the people to forbid being representing the people any longer, and this makes them corrupt. When our policy makers become corrupt the legal system and what it stands for fails. Corruption in politics created by organized crime is just one example of a problem that these types of relationships can create. Legal Limitations Organized crime presents the leading contemporary challenge to federal and state law enforcement officials (Miller, 1965). The problem that these create occur with the legal limitations and difficulty that serve law enforcement officials concerning charging and arresting is with how these organized crime syndicates perform their illegal activities. They use cloak methods through intricate business transactions through store front, hidden, and fictitious businesses that they use to mask their undercover activities. This method is used to hide the amount of money that the organized crime groups are making through clever bookkeeping and hidden transactions. The goal of the United States law enforcement is to combat illegal activities. The primary legal limitation that is found with organized criminal activity is much of the activity is financial. The schema is presented is that the majority of their actions are based on violence. If this were true an arrest, and a charge would be easier to create but that the majority of the activity is hidden and cloaked financial transactions it makes it much more difficult to track and ultimately catch. Solutions The police do not have magical solutions in its battle with organized crime, (Khoury, 2006). In short many believe that organized crime will never end. It may be combated, it may decrease over time, but it will always exist. The key effort should not be in eliminating organized crime because this is widely viewed as a part of our society that will remain, but more along the lines how those involved and have taken actions that are illegal can be prosecuted. The solutions to preventing organized crime will come through finding ways to track down those involved and charging them with their crimes. The largest and most effective means of deterrence will come from showing those involved that their actions can and will be punished. This should come from more effective training for law enforcement and providing them with a better more efficient means of conducting investigations. Once the criminals involved in the processes of illegal organized crime activity the punishments should be harsh and severe. The deterrence will be extremely effective if those involved will see that the risk they are taking by experiencing involvement is not outweighed by the rewards. Those involved in organized criminal activity need to be aware that if caught their punishments will be severe. Conclusion Organized crime are acts carried out for profit or power, by more than two people acting together over a long or indeterminate period, through the abuse of commercial structures, the use of violence or intimidation, and possessing an effect on political life, the media, public administration, justice, or the economy (ideaconnection.com, 2011). Organized crime has existed after that crime has existed. When there are laws that people disagree with that prevent them from making a profit to improve their lives, those people will find a way to circumvent that law to achieve their goals. Organized crime is largely based on a desire to perform an activity, which is deemed illegal to the gain of the group that disagrees with the law. They see it is a preventative measure to keep them from being successful. Those involved in organized crime have chosen to live a life of crime and use what our society has deemed to be illegal as a profession. They are employed criminals. It would be naÃÆ'Â ¯ ve to say that this will ever end or that there is a specific way to solve or eliminate this from ever happening. The laws and regulations already in place do not work and only prevent law abiding citizens from achieving more because obviously those involved in organized crime already do not abide by the laws. The only way to prevent organized crime is to make fewer things illegal.

Gender Roles and Marriage in The Proposal by Chekhov and Country Lovers

In the following essay I will compare and contrast gender roles and marriage between â€Å"The Proposal† by Anton Chekhov and â€Å"Country Lovers† by Nadine Gordimer to showing how women tried to survive in controlling their identity. This essay will compare and contrast each of the characters used by two very different writers. The early 1900’s era was not kind to people in their struggle for what they tried to accomplish with their lives. Nadine Gordimer was born 1923 in Africa. She was against the opposition that the black people of Africa had to face and stressed this issue in her writings. She was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1991. Anton Chekhov was also famous for Russia’s Pushkin Prize in 1888 and like Gordimer, he also wrote many short stories but sometimes ventured out into theater with several plays. Both writers lived abroad sharing the use of conflict in their writings such as unrealistic expectations, endowment and social status. They used symbolism more as a contrast instead of a comparison, but compared lower class to higher class status for each of their characters in the two short stories that will be featured in this paper. In the article written by Gordimer that is titled â€Å"Twenty-one Years Later she states that â€Å"since 1980 other media have taken over from the printed word as the most powerful means of free expression. I remain as totally opposed to censorship as ever, but I am in a quandary when I touch the wrong button on television set and find I’m confronted with a couple making Shakespeare’s ‘beast with two backs’ in a truly beastly and violent sexual display that certainly could frighten any of the many children left to amuse themselves playing the channel keyboard of television. I’m more co... ...p107, 2 p. Contemporary Review Company, Ltd. Gordimer, N., 2001 Twenty-One Years Later, Biography, spring, Vol. 30 Issue 2, p. 277, 2 p. Kenyon, O., 1989 Women Writers Talk, Carroll & Graf Publishers, ISBN-10: 0881847054. Miller, R., 2008 Sweat. February 8, Collins Harper, Retrieved Website:http://www.zoranealehurston.com. Ritchi, D., 2003 Doing Oral History, New York: O U P. Seyhan, A., 2001 Writing Outside the Nation, U K: Princeton University Press. Singh, G., & Kumari, D., 2011 History Revisited in Oral History by Nadine Gordimer, Language in India, February, Vol. 11 Issue 2, p 296-303, 8 p. Trump, M., 1986 The Short Fiction of Nadine Gordimer, Research in African Literatures, Fall, Vol. 17, Issue 3, p 341-369, 2 p. Winkelmann, J., 2002 â€Å"Restless Legs† in â€Å"The Wedding Proposal†, Acta Neurologica Scandinavia, April, Vol. 105 (4), p. 349-350.

Discovery of the Dinosaur with the Fossilized Heart :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Discovery of the Dinosaur with the Fossilized Heart Dinosaur fossils are one of the few ways in which scientists can study the history of life on earth millions of years ago. Each new discovery is unique in its own way and provides valuable information about the past. No two finds are exactly identical; therefore, when dinosaur remains are uncovered, the possibility and excitement of new information or even a new species exists. Until the year 2000, no dinosaur has ever been found with a fossilized heart. Scientists at North Carolina State University and the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences discovered a sixty-six million year old Thescelosaurus with a heart. The Thescelosaurus was a â€Å"bird-hipped† dinosaur or an ornithischian ( Russell 2). This herbivore lived near the end of the Cretaceous period, about one million years before the conclusion of the dinosaur era. Thescelosaurus was about the size of a short-legged pony, according to paleontologist Dr. Dale Russell and was native to North America from Wyoming up to Alberta, Canada. This particular Thescelosaurus was discovered in Harding County, northwestern South Dakota in 1993. It has been estimated to weigh nearly 663 pounds and thirteen feet long. The remains were located in a poorly consolidated channel of sandstone, exposed in the upper half of the Hell Creek Formation (Fisher 2). Scientists have named this discovery Willo, after the wife of the rancher on whose property it was found. The discovery of Willo is unique because it is the first dinosaur with a fossilized heart. However, this was just the beginning of an extraordinary find. â€Å"Not only does this specimen have a heart, but computer enhanced images of its chest strongly suggest it is a four-chambered, double-pump heart with a single systemic aorta, more like the heart of a mammal or bird than a reptile,† according to Dr. Dale Russell. Russell is a paleontologist at North Carolina State University and a senior research curator at the N.C. Museum of Natural Sciences. This discovery is unusual because all modern reptiles, except the crocodile, contain a single ventricle that pumps blood to the lungs and the rest of the body. All modern reptiles have paired systemic aortas developing from the ventricle, which distributes the blood to the body. â€Å"In contrast, the four chambered heart of modern birds and mammals has two completely separated ventricles and a single systemic aorta, ensuring that only completely oxygenated blood is distributed to the body† (Fisher 2).

Brave New World :: essays research papers

Title: Brave New World Significance of Title: In Shakespeare’s The Tempest, in act 5 scene 1, on line 204, Mira states: â€Å"How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world, That has such people in’t!† To say the least, this book has quite a few references to Shakespeare. This segment in particular is used, because the setting of the book is of a ‘brave new world’ where almost everything is different from our current situation, and outwardly, every member of the society seems content in their position. It is likely that Huxley thought this was slightly ironic, as what appears to be a perfect government is in reality ultimately oppressive of the most basic personal freedoms, infringing even upon the opinions of its constituents. Author: Aldous Huxley Significant facts about the author: Aldous Huxley was born in Surrey, England on July 26, 1894 to a family deeply rooted in England's literary and scientific tradition. Huxley's father, Leonard Huxley, was the son of Thomas Henry Huxley, a well-known biologist who gained the nickname "Darwin's bulldog" for supporting Charles Darwin's evolutionary ideas. His mother, Julia Arnold, was related to the important nineteenth-century poet and essayist Matthew Arnold. Brought up by a family of teachers and scientists, Huxley had an exceptional education. His intelligence was very well balanced between English writing and science, making him a very good science fiction writer. Huxley was very eager to believe new theories and ideas in the science world, and quickly incorporated them into his novels, which, although unscientific, produced extremely entertaining results. Huxley’s writing has also been affected by a partial blindness that he contracted at an early age. First of all, it forced him out of his preferred career as a doctor, and it also show up in quite a few of his novels as a theme. After graduating from Oxford in 1916, Huxley began to make a name for himself writing satirical pieces about the British upper class. Though these writings were skillful and gained Huxley an audience and literary name, they were generally considered to be somewhat vapid and meaningless. Huxley continued to write prolifically, working as an essayist and journalist, and publishing four volumes of poetry before beginning to work on novels. Without giving up his other writing, beginning in 1921, Huxley produced a series of novels at an astonishing rate: Crome Yellow was published in 1921, followed by Antic Hay in 1923, Those Barren Leaves in 1925, and Point Counter Point in 1928.

Debate on genetically modified food crops Essay

In today’s world there are as many people suffering and dying due to various diseases as many as, people dying from hunger and starvation. As a society with communal harmony and social responsibility towards to the community what is the best thing to do: feed the hungry with such food which could cause more diseases and serious deaths or find a solution to already existing diseases and reduce their suffering. The genetically modified food and crops have had a varied type of effects on humans, animals, and environment. The impact of these foods and crops can be understood based on various considerations such as: the principle of general human welfare, the maintenance of people’s rights and the principle of justice, the need to ensure food security for present and future generations, safety for consumers and care of the environment. In terms of controversies, one of the greatest concerns is the long-term health effects that genetically modified foods will have on human health. With this technology being so new, long term studies have not been conducted to confirm that this process is in fact safe. Thus, here we try to explain all these aspects in detail and there by explain the harmful effects of genetically modified crops and food. WHAT ARE GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS AND CROPS? THE ORIGIN It all started way back in 1980s when in the field of ‘biotechnology’, regular experiments were being conducted on ‘possibility of genetic modifications’ in organisms. In 1946 scientists discovered that they could transfer DNA among organisms. This paved the way for their search in the process of genetic modifications. In 1983 the first genetically modified crop was produced. It was an antibiotic resistant tobacco plant. The research on genetic modification was further enhanced, when scientist discovered that the modification process could be used to introduce nutrients and vitamins to enrich foods. THE PROCESS Manipulating the genetic composition of an organism by adding some specific useful genes is referred to as ‘genetic modifications’. The DNA is located in the chromosomes which has the genes that are modified. Genes carry information about genetically inherited characteristics of the organism. Thus the crops developed like this are known as genetically modified [GMO] crops, transgenic crops or genetically engineered [GE] crops. The main steps involved in the development of GM crops are: 1. Isolation of the gene(s) of interest. 2. Insertion of the gene(s) into a transfer vector: 3. Plant transformation 4. Selection of the modified plant cells: 5. Regeneration into whole plants via tissue culture 6. Verification of transformation and characterization of the inserted DNA fragment. 7. Testing of plant performance 8. Safety assessment. Commercially, four genetically modified crops dominate global biotech agriculture with soybeans accounting for 60% of GM crop area, maize accounting for 23% of GM crop area, cotton accounting for 11% of GM crop area, and canola accounting for 6% of GM crop area. WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF GMO FOODS? The effects of GMO foods can be broadly classified among the following categories: Impact on health Impact on environment Impact on farming Economics and social threats IMPACT ON HEALTH Deaths and near deaths: A genetically modified version of the food supplement was released without safety tests, which lead to 37 deaths and approximately 1500 more were disabled. Cancer and Diseases GH is a protein hormone which, when injected into cows stimulates the pituitary gland in a way that the produces more milk, thus making milk production more profitable for the large dairy corporations. it is a very potent chemical hormone that has been linked to a 2. 5 to 4 times higher risk of human colorectal and breast cancer. Prostate cancer risk is considered equally serious – in the 2,8.to 4 times range. Allergies A documented case states that genetic modification involving transfer of a gene from a brazil nut to soybean led to transfer of allergens. Medical tests of people known to be allergic to Brazil nuts were conducted for the appropriate antibody response to the transferred gene. Seven out of nine individuals showed a positive response. This adverse result alerted the company and the work was discontinued so the product was not even submitted to the regulatory authorities. IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT. Toxicity to soil Extinction of seed varieties Super weeds Killing beneficial insects IMPACT ON FARMING Harm to small family farms The small farmers are already a facing financial crisis with overwhelming debts and low prices for their produce. By introducing GM crops we will be adding to the misery of the farmers. Here the cost of production will be more and since there is no demand for these products the farmer will have to sell the produce at a very low price. The farmer also has to pay for the patentship of the seeds he buys from. Monopolization Of Food Production If the GMO crops enter the market they would be a monopoly market. The customers should be given the choice to choose between ‘natural’ food and transgenic food. Not only will the farmers suffer but the customers will have no option but to buy GMO products. The GMO foods is a very large industry it includes the owner to take patent ship on his specifications of ‘gene modifications’ and has to pay licensing. Thus, increasing the overall cost of the product. ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL THREATS. In past Britishers colonized many countries with technology and superior armies hence farmers had perception that with both control of genetic and agricultural resources would act as powerful weapon for the invasion of cultures. Without proper labelling of genetically modified food violates and harms the right to know what is in our foods – given the list of health, environmental, and socio-political reasons to avoid GM ingredients. Even if GM foods were 100% safe, the consumer has a right to know such ingredients – due to their much potential harm. The genetic modification of plants involves transferring DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the genetic material, from a plant or bacterium, or even an animal, into a different plant species. Because we can increasingly identify which gene or genes determine particular characteristics, the appropriate genes can now be inserted directly into the plants we wish to modify. Although techniques required to create GM crops are recent and relatively sophisticated, genetic modification is in most respects an extension of what has been happening for ten thousand years. The primitive ancestors of almost all modern food crops are barely recognisable to the lay person; maize ears, for instance, were half an inch long rather than the eight or nine inches of their modern descendants. ETHICAL ISSUES & SOCIAL ISSUES Introduction to any technological advances reflects three principles. The first one, general welfare which works to promote the interest of citizens. The second one, rights of the people which work to promote their rights to freedom of their choice. The third one being the principal of justice which requires the policies to be followed fairly shared. These principles lead to Does this methodology promote welfare of people by providing food safety and reducing the usage of pests? Or this possesses unknown risks and environmental problems which lead to avoid them? How far this technology can provide right to customers to about the content of their food they are taking? How can the scientists conduct their research in ways to protect their intellectual integrity? Who will be beneficial due to this advances and obligations to compensate others? GM are used as a image for social welfare but it is unethical to treat nature in an ‘industrial’ fashion not because of the unfortunate consequences of so doing ,but because of they believe it is intrinsically wrong After examining all the scientific evidence in the light of the ethical considerations, they said that the genetic modification of crop plants, as so far developed, does not differ to such an extent from conventional plant breeding or other human interventions with the natural world as to make the process morally objectionable in itself. GM technology is a new tool which plant breeders are using to achieve their breeding goals more accurately and rapidly. the combinations of, for example, bacterial and plant genes in GM crops are very unlikely to be found or impossible to realise in nature. However, provided that potential side effects are thoroughly assessed, we do not consider that the generation of such new combinations should be prohibited. ALARMING EFFECTS: GM crops are developed with an aim to fix the nitrogen, resist the draught and to improve yield and to meet the demand of market. These goals lead to development of multibillion dollar industry controlled by corporate giants. According to studies in US it has been confirmed that â€Å"the miracle crops have not materialised. GM crops grown have two simple characteristics in the world. More than 70% are tolerant to broad-spectrum herbicides, with companies engineering plants to be tolerant to their own brand of herbicide, while the rest are engineered with bt-toxins to kill insect pests. A total of 65 million acres were planted in 1998 within the US, Argentina and Canada. The latest surveys on GM crops in the US, the largest grower by far, showed no significant benefit. On the contrary, the most widely grown GM crops – herbicide-tolerant soya beans – yielded on average 6. 7% less and required two to five times more herbicides than non-GM varieties†. These figures simply show that the GM crops do not show any effect. The herbicide tolerant weeds and b-t resistant insect pests are formed due to the GM crops. The herbicides not only decimated the wild species but also toxic to animals. These herbicide causes birth defects in mammals, and some lead to cancer in white blood cells. The bt-resistant insect pests kill insects such as bees and butterflies. There is enough food to feed in this world. But, the reason why our statistics showed that billions of people are hungry is that these resources are under the control of corporate monopolies. Hence the poor are becoming further poor. The new patents on developing GM crops helps these corporate giants further and prevent the farmers from saving and replanting seeds which are major source of their income. The development of new crops further intensifies these corporate and threats the living. It seriously cause unemployment increases debt and threaten farming systems and environmental damage. There have been many arguments that GM crops enhance nutritional value by incorporating genes to increase nutrients, iron content. But malnutrition occurred due to the substitution of diet provided by traditional farming. These agricultural practices deplete and remove nutrients from the soil resulting in the change of nutritional value of all food crops worse. Nothing GMO crops or technologies can change this trend. The mal nutrition problem can be solved only by new sustainable farming methods and recovering biodiversity. There are also unpredictable risks involved in this incorporation of genes. More observed is horizontal gene transfer i. e. , transferring of gene directly to some unrelated species. It gives rise to new bacteria and viruses that cause diseases and also spread antibiotic and drug resistances among the pathogens. These transgenic DNA resulted untreatable new viruses and bacteria can also spread to organisms in any environment including the human body. This transgenic DNA also leads to cancer. The main reason for the increase in food prices is increase in bio fuel production. The giant corporate that are producing GM crops are lobbying for bio fuels and are using the opportunity of this food crisis to promote their GM foods. Here GM crops are not for solving food crisis but food crisis is being used to improve the fortunes of GM industry which meant to be a profit based firm. â€Å"The main aim for these corporate is that they’re just using the current food crisis and the fuel crisis as a mechanism to make GM crops profitable by advertising that GM crops can solve the problem of Drought and feeds the world. Despite 20 years of research in US and commercialization, it has been proved that GM failed to increase the yield which proved that traditional farming gains upper hand over genetic engineering techniques. It has also proved that there have been better techniques like â€Å"agro ecological farming† to meet the challenges of hunger, poverty etc., other innovative low input or methods of controlling pests and increasing yields are integrated pest management. This method is imprecise way of incorporating genes (may be foreign genetic from virus, bacteria) into crops with unknown consequences. These foods have taken only little but no long term safety testing. Animal feeding tests has shown some bad health effects. Only some studies meant to be on humans who showed unexpected effects on gut bacteria but has never further carried out. It has also realised that foods unlabelled caused millions of premature deaths in US. By considering the statistics in US on prices of GM crops it has showed that prices increases dramatically cutting the average farm’s income of farmers. These lead to long term disaster to farmers. GM provides patents to certain big giants that allow control over food supply which have a history of toxic contamination and public deception. They harass the farmers of saving seeds or genes even if genes got through contamination by winds or insects. Their price fixation leads to short income to farmers and price rise to market which destroys the farmer’s livelihood. Statistics revealed that in 1989, 37 people are died and 1300 were disabled due to release of GM foods without safety tests. There is also a chance that people who are allergic to certain genes can lead to shock and death if GM products do not disclose their information. RECOMMENDATIONS Traditional Breeding is preferred over Genetically Modified Crops because of following reasons. 1. Genetically modification crops decreases the yield, Traditional breeding improves the yield Genetically Modified Crops were assumed to increases the yield. Instead experimental results showed that they decrease the yield in most cases. The results of Differences in yields between conventional and GM soybeans is as follows. The conventional breeding showed an increase in yield and these are much drought resistant. Hence, traditional breeding need to be implemented rather than Genetically Modified Crops. Fig: Differences in yields between conventional and GM soybeans 2. Genetically Modified Crops increases the pesticide use Genetically Modified Crops requires more pesticide use than the conventional crops. It is not at all good to consume the food with pesticide content above the tolerable level. This may lead to several dangerous health issues. 3. Risks of Toxicity in genetically modified crops. Many health hazards were caused due to higher risks of toxicity. This leads to allergen city, antibiotic resistance, immune-suppression and cancer. As for environmental impacts, the use of genetic practices in agriculture will lead to biological pollution, threatening numerous microbial, plant and animal species with extinction, and the potential contamination of all non-genetically engineered life forms with novel and possibly hazardous genetic material. 4. Genetically Modified crops and Non-Genetically modified crops cannot coexist. Trends in the planting of GM and organic crops suggest that the growth of the GM crop area has impeded the development of the organic cultivation. A study in Spain, has found that GM maize has caused a drastic reduction in organic cultivations of this grain and is making their coexistence practically impossible CONCLUSION Genetically modified foods had a great impact by solving many problems such as malnutrition, hunger and starvation but the after effects of consuming these genetically modified crops are very harmful. Because they not only solved the problem of starvation but also indirectly became the reason for various hazardous effects on human health. Genetically modified crops are the impractical ways of producing the crop and violating the natural breeding. Such impractical production will include many viruses and bacteria contained in it which are very harmful for the mankind in the long run. There exist many other ways of feeding the hunger than incorporating the genetically modified crops into our system. These genetically modified foods not only harm the human health but indeed they will also affect the environment because they contain a lot more pesticides and herbicides which are toxic and even the farmer and the people working around have bad impact. Even though this technology of genetically modified foods provide a lot more benefits to the environment there exits many potential risks by adopting this technology. All those people who so ever is involved in the development of genetically modified crops need to recognise and take the responsibility to the public. They need to ensure that the new technologies adapted by them are safe for the human health as well as they would no longer affect environment even in the long run. The planting of the genetically modified crops must be done precisely by limiting the plantation and constantly monitoring the side effects and the uses of incorporating genetic technology in farming. Even the farmers should use the caution concerning the development and spread of these genetically modified crops because even the farmers are badly affected by the adverse effects of the virus and even the insects are becoming resistant to these pesticides. â€Å"I suspect that one day the effects of GM contamination will dwarf both the financial meltdown and peak oil. † Anonymous. REFERNECES http://www. raw-wisdom. com/50harmful. http://www. globalhealingcenter. com/nutrition/genetically-modified-foods http://www. csa. com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview. php http://www. nepadbiosafety. net/for-regulators/resources/subjects/biotechnology/process-of-developing-genetically-modified-gm-crops.

My Hero for a humanities Class Essay

Create an Inductive and Deductive Argument Ignorance is the greatest cause of hatred and disorder in the world. The best way to combat ignorance is through the dissemination of valid and accurate information. The rise of the Internet has made vast amounts of information widely available to people around the world. It can therefore be said that the Internet is the greatest tool for increasing tolerance and harmony that has ever been created. This is a great statement of fallacious because it stating someone opinion instead of using valid facts to bag of this statement Ignorance is not necessarily a sign of lack of intelligence, and could also arise from a lack of education, so a person who is intelligent will be more likely to respond to . People have their own opinions, they aren’t just going to change them, even if they seem stupid to you. You must realize while you think they are ignorant and incorrect and that what they think is stupid or illogical, they would also think the exact same thing about what you think. If you want to actually go above this ignorance, you are going to have to be the better one and actually consider their opinions and see if you can see eye to eye or even agree with any of their opinions. If you find you just cannot agree with any of their opinions, but you understand their opinion then you can try to educate them on your own opinion. The Internet has vastly changed the way we communicate with friends and family. It has not only made things far faster and simpler but it has also created an entirely new vocabulary for most people. From our use of the Internet, chat rooms, etc. we have created a new way of expressing ourselves and that includes with our friends and family. Also, sharing pictures and special moments on video is greatly improved with the use of the Internet and e-mail capabilities. The Internet is creating tighter-knit friends and families on the whole just by making it possible to communicate in a far more instant way.

Literatur review

Correspondence to this article should be addressed to Christian Magallon, Department of Psychology, University of California, Merced, CA 95348. Email: [email  protected] edu Abstract In the contemporary world, inequality between males and females in the workplace is becoming a critical issue. This has been often considered a part of our past and yet now in modern times men and women are entering into the workplace in equal numbers but women still face gender discrimination in their occupations, especially in managerial positions.There are certain limitations and restrictions that women encounter while in workplace. There is a common idea that people firmly believe, hat women are not suitable for upper division positions because they do not have the characteristics suitable for those positions. It is very important to understand the basic biases and factors which are deterring women from reaching their goals and creating inequality in a male dominated workplace. The main factors aff ecting gender inequality in the workplace which have been studied here are leadership, power and perceptions.Keywords: gender bias, sexual discrimination, workplace segregation Fiction This research seeks to support the fictive notion that gender equality exist oday and gender biases are a thing of the past regardless of current efforts to create equality among genders in the workplace. To increase understanding of factors affecting women this study focuses on: leadership, power, and perceptions. Throughout history there has been a struggle for equality. The suffrage movement and later affirmative action were efforts to increase equality among genders.As the economy of the nation changed to a more industrialized one it demanded more workers. While Men were at war, the demand of workers needed for war production increased. Women decided to do their part to help with the war efforts: taking over the Jobs left by men. This was a huge step for women, and the realizing of women's potenti al in the workforce. Women were now becoming more and more present in the workforce, diversifying the population of employees. The introduction of women brought with it new theories through research, assessing and further supporting the existence of inequality for women in the workforce.To further assess and support the existent inequality between men and women; research was obtained through a search on the University of California, Merced's library data base. Over 278 studies preceded using key descriptive words: women, power, perceptions, and leadership. Studies found support the differences within gender and the workplace. Looking in detail at studies like Roos and Brook (1981) that assessed data from the 1974-1977 that showed that women have a large earning gap compared to men due to sex segregated characteristics at an occupational level.The research showed, women mostly work at low paying Jobs and they are less likely to exercise authority in those jobs. In a related study on economics, Mano-Negrin (2004), showed a significant ncrease in participation of women in the labor market without a parallel decrease of gender wage gaps. Adler (1994) research results showed that men hold higher position, higher supervisory, and authority compared to women. Women have less access to power and authority at work. Policymakers and supervisor make equal rules for them but women exercise less power than men.Aviolio (2009) results showed a significant difference in the effect sizes for leadership interventions conducted with all-male and majority-male participants versus all-female and majority-female participant studies. Bosak (2008) showed in their study that women perceive themselves less suitable for high positions because the perceived notion that they do not associated with masculine characteristics of men. Research has served as evidence for change. Major developments include formation of new associations and legislations.The Association for Women's Rights in Deve lopment purpose is to strengthen movements that advance women's rights and promote gender equality worldwide (AWID). The Equal Pay Act was signed into law by President John F. Kennedy in 1963 (EEOC). The Equal Pay Act was a law against reduction of wages that iscriminates due to sex. President Kennedy emphasized : â€Å"Adds to our laws another enter the labor force they will find equality in their pay envelope. â€Å"(EEOC) However, regardless of efforts it is clear that subtle biases of gender still contribute to discriminate against women in the workplace especially in male dominated workforce.Existential biases affect the prevalence of women in leadership, Job performance, and male dominated careers. It is important to understand underlying biases and factors in the work place that may hinder woman from reaching a state of equality among men in the workforce. Factors studied across genders in the workplace: leadership, power, and perceptions. Leadership and Power Let us first observe the two omnipresent notions that are leadership and power. It has long been understood and accepted albeit bias, that leadership and power are traits commonly associated with the male sex.Also, positions of power and of authority are linked to such generalizations. For example, this can be seen in the workplace where women are often segregated into professions that ultimately reduce the possibility of exercising autonomy and supervisory authority Oaffee, 1989). We see time and time again that women, when being considered for a position are subject to a bias comparison that subjugates their attempts at equality and fair judgment. The majority of the time the employers that are doing the considering prefer masculine gender characteristics to feminine characteristics (Goktepe & Craig, 1989).In their study, Goktepe and Craig found that interpersonal attractiveness and sex role orientation are both associated with the emergent candidate for the position. In this, we can see that it is of the utmost importance to understand what influences he emergence of a leader and note any difference between genders. So persistent is this notion of a gender bias that even women themselves cannot escape acknowledging it and even falling susceptible to its ideas.We see this recurring problem in several common patterns, one being that of women feeling vulnerable and out of place because they have no female role model in a position of power to revere. This lack of stimuli results in a reduction in chances of women to take on a leadership role (Carbonell & Castro, 2008). In Carbonell and Castro's study we see when confronted with a female leader model, for more than half the time women ake the leadership position, but when faced with a male leadership model the results are underwhelming.And, the men in that study felt indifference when faced with either model, signifying a common acceptance of male superiority or dominance. Other studies have also supported this disparity of ideas concerning the similarity between women and managers. In a study conducted by Brenner , Tomkiewicz and Schein (1989), we observe that men perceive successful middle managers as having those characteristics, attitudes, and temperaments more commonly ascribed to men in general than to women in general.Although the omen in this study Judged both male and female characteristics equally viable, it was only a function of change in the perception of women in general rather than a change in the perceived requirements for managerial success or even any perceptions of men in general. In other words, what has been perceived as approved managerial characteristics in the past has not changed. What has changed is how forward in positive and equally thinking is in truth very misleading.Yes behaviors have changed but sadly male managers still hold onto their original attitudes which involve a skewed sense of what the proper qualifications may be. It seems that blind ignorance may also affect aspects of occupational labor in the workplace. In the study by Cann and Siegfried (1990), there is a strong indication that the behaviors people recognized as indicators of a successful leader included those that are viewed as feminine. Leaders must be â€Å"behaviorally androgynous,† they must have the flexibility to exhibit both male and female characteristics.Thus, effective leaders are those that can appease an assortment of demands, and yet we witness the constant reminder of a societal gender bias implicating female characteristics as weaker and even less desirable. One can only wonder why some choose to ignore a possible fine addition to a firm because of a commonly held notion of gender superiority. Presumed notions of gender superiority in leadership qualities can easily be ascertained from many studies that have been conducted in the past, involving commonly held societal beliefs.But, these same bias notions of leadership qualities can be enhanced by certain workpl ace organizational climates. The atmosphere in which business involving the hiring of future employees or any upper level position is conducted, can be greatly affected by the pressures that are applied during that time. In a study done by Katz (1987), when put into a discriminatory setting the test subjects preferred to hire males. In the same study test subjects were put into a nondiscriminatory setting and the results proved to be quite interesting, the preference levels were almost equal between male and female candidates.From this information we can gather that a significant catalyst for discriminatory thinking is in part caused by the organizational climate that someone is in. Currently, sexual discrimination and gender bias in the workplace is alive and well. It is a widespread problem that is inhibiting many women's rights and allowing or an unfair advantage for the opposite sex. Most of todays research concerning this notion is focused on investigating the debilitating effe cts that negative stereotypes have on the targets of said stereotypes (Hoyt & Blalscovich, 2007).In order to move forward and overcome this bias and discrimination we must discover new avenues in which to employ a politically correct attitude towards those individuals of the fairer sex. Perceptions Understanding perceptions of society, focusing on perceptions of women in the workplace, helps increase understanding of the existent gap between genders at work. There are many factors that may contribute to the differentiation in treatment and appointment to leadership between genders in the workplace. Trentham, and Larwood (1998), examined the effects of power and willingness to discriminate in the workplace.Results show that people have a predisposition to discriminate against women. This study found that people in top positions of organizations had higher tendencies to discriminate against women than people with lower positions of authority. Individuals in power affect the dispositio n of a person of lower status to act in a discriminating manner often times going against own personal beliefs. The importance of this study is that biases exist against women due to perceived (1993) analyzes perceptions and attitudes of past events, and future measures implemented to reduce gap between genders in the workplace.Results show that men feel that past measures affected their careers more negatively, however both genders showed equal dissatisfaction with past measures. Men agreed with eliminating systemic barriers that limit advancement for women but where against preferential treatment. This clearly states that both gendrs have self interest in mind. Women want help to go up the ladder, men see that as a threat, therefore isapprove. Self interest conflicts held by men may hinder women from reaching equality in the workplace.Another study that looked at perceptions of leadership qualities in groups of similar gender was done by Prime, Jonsen, Carter, and Maznevski (2008) . This study looked at managers perceived qualities associated with leadership and gender. The study hypothesized that the qualities associated with leaders was more prominent in men than in women. Results show that in women respondents perceived women as more effective than men in: planning and role modeling, providing intellectual stimulation, and problem solving. Men on the other hand attributed that men were better at delegating than female leaders.Both men and women perceived and stereotyped women leaders as being more competent in supporting. The study indicated that both genders were attributing more positive ratings to their gender than the opposing gender. This study indicates that self perceptions also affect beliefs of self and others in ability in the work place. Perceptions of the meaning of equality are different among individuals according to their self interest. Other studies examine perceptions of gender and leadership oncerns in the workplace over time.The study do ne by Koch, Loft, and Kruse (2005) takes a look at changes in perceptions of women in leadership. With an increase of women in leadership the study compares the amount of change in beliefs now to the beliefs held 20 years ago. Results showed a tendency for gender association that went along with social perceptions; men were associated with terms: hard, strong, and aggressive. Women were Judged as soft, sentimental, and delicate. Although data shows a shift towards associating women with leadership; it is not significant as the orrelation between men and leadership.Despite efforts to close the gap of inequality it still exists in positions of leadership, small shift seen of women in leadership, is not dismissed. Perceptions of femininity in leadership Johanson (2008) seeks to find if prior conceptions of leadership exist between genders in perceived: conception, structure, masculinity, femininity, androgyny, and overall leadership ability. Results support the hypothesis that leadersh ip ratings were associated with masculinity and structure; the positive correlation between consideration and femininity was clearly supported.Leadership positively correlated with structure and not conception. The study indicates the importance of beliefs and associations of leadership without environment influence on perceived individual leadership style. This study proves that individuals still show a predominant belief that leadership is more closely associated with masculinity and structure than femininity and conception. Individuals overall continue to think of leadership as male oriented. For women characteristics associated with femininity are still not seen as positively affiliated with leadership characteristics.A study that demonstrates the effects of on the perceived suitability of women and men in leadership of failing or succeeding organizations. This study looks at the inequalities that women encounter when trying to advance in the workforce. The study hypothesized th at women are appointed to leadership positions when risk of failure and criticism are high. Results show that in general women are preferred over male candidates. The results state that the male was selected over a female when the company performance was improving. Women where often selected as the suited individual to take a leadership position in a ompany that was declining.This study shows that there is a clear preference of men to successful companies. This may be due to perceptions and beliefs of the individuals who appoint leaders toa position. This study looked at the suitability of both men and women in a management position Ted H. Shore (1992). The study focused on the potential of performance in managerial positions by assessing cognitive ability, Job advancement, interpersonal and performance skills. Despite women rating higher than men on performance style dimensions, they received lower ratings in management potential.Management ratings of both genders were comparable. The study results serve as evidence of subtle gender bias within the workplace. Stating that despite higher performance rates in women the actual advancement in the Job is the same as men of lower performance rates. The study analyzes perceptions of woman's interpersonal skills compared to men. Assessors deemphasized the fact that women outperformed men; giving more credit in interpersonal skills. A mismatch is perceived of women and attributes associated with management due to stereotypical and perceived views of women.Finally a tudy done by Wolf, and Fligsteing (2009)looks at factors that contribute to the unequal distribution of women compared to men in positions of authority focusing on education, experience, tenure, marriage, children, that help map how and why some individuals are in positions of authority. The study looks at composition of the workplace and situational beliefs of employers and women in notions of authority. The study assesses factors that influence Job charac teristics and allocation of male/ female in authority. The study concluded that men are given more authority than women in the workplace.The importance of this study highlights factors like traditional gender roles, personal choices, and self perceptions that affect the prevalence of women in authority. Conclusion According to McTavish and Miller (2009) there are both pros and cons to the modernization agenda. Reform and structural change have led to greater opportunities for women. Reform and modernization in organizational procedures have led to somewhat gender friendlier environments. However, there are paradoxes in the modernization agenda. It seems like women have to conform to masculinist styles of management.Many of the reforms are actually leading to re-gendering of job roles and procedures. (McTavish and Miller, 2009, p. 361-362). In the article Women's Leadership Development Strategic Practices for Women and Organizations Hopkins, O'Neil, Passarelli, and Bilimoria (2008) p ropose seven areas of leadership development practice along with recommendations in each of these categories for consultants and human resources professionals working with individual women and organizations. They state that leadership development positive outcomes at both the individual and organizational levels.They assert that esponsibility for developing the human, social, and political capital of women resides at the individual and the organizational levels. They also state that leadership development of women employees is a major business advantage to organizations. Also stressed is that principal importance must be placed on women feeling connected to the goals and objectives of the greater organization and conceptualizing a comprehensive picture of themselves as vital organizational partners. They also emphasize that consulting psychologists and human resources professionals have an essential role in helping women and organizations.They conclude that the assembly of leadershi p development that appreciates and addresses women's unique contributions will result in women fulfilling their individual potential and in organizational transformation, the two principal goals of effective, sustainable leadership development.

Training Need Analysis

This paper investigates the literature on Training Need Analysis (TNA). The theoretical underpinnings of TNA and the various approaches used in firms are discussed in this paper. The different levels of analyses of training needs and the need for TNA in a firm are also discussed in this paper. The paper also throws light on the limitations of the conventional measures and approaches of TNA. Hence, the paper directs scholars towards the characteristic requirements of a TNA approach more suited for today’s world of work.1. What is Training Needs Analysis (TNA) Needs assessment, or needs analysis, is the process of determining the organization’s training needs and seeks to answer the question of whether the organization’s needs, objectives, and problems can be met or addressed by training. In addition to this TNA should include the determination of tasks to be performed, behaviors essential to the performance of those tasks, type of learning necessary to acquire tho se behaviors, and the type of instructional content best suited to accomplish that type of learning.An illustration of the various steps involved in training need analysis was given by Lawrie and Boringer :1) Use all possible internal and external sources of training need information, 2) Generate a large pool of items describing the trainee on the job behavior, 3) Administer the checklist to trainee behavior, 4) Cluster the training needs, and 5) Obtain information from training feedback. Influence of theory in understanding training needs.Motivation theory According to Campbell , Campbell, Weick, Dunnette, and Lawler have cited evidence for the motivational influence of an individual’s self efficacy on the perceived training needs. General systems theory  Odiorne , describes the eight systems found in training. These also include the systems view on training needs as the cybernetic system view and the organism system view. The cybernetic system view says that the needs wil l  be identified from within the organization itself and the organism system view says that the information centers at the extremities of this organism, provide the training need information to its brain stimulators.2. Different approaches to TNA2.1. Conventional TNA, The O-T-P model The conventional TNA approach adopted in organizations usually includes analysis at three levels, the organizational level, task level and person level. This was suggested by McGehee and Thayer . The organizational level training needs describe the needs of the organization as a whole, taking into consideration future business opportunities. The task level analysis considers the basic training needs of particular tasks at hand in each job. The person level analysis, considers the training requirements of each person to surpass their skill deficiencies to perform the task at hand satisfactorily.2.2. Task Analytic Approach to TNA Technical trainings deal with jobs or tasks being done by human beings. Su ch training should produce qualified task performers. So, a technical TNA encompasses three activities: need detection, task identification and collection of task performance. Training needs are detected when new equipment is brought into use or the performance quality falls below industry standards. The task identification is done with the help of a task identification matrix (TIM). Similarly a basic task information record (BTIR) is used to collect the task performance data.2.3. Performance appraisal approach to TNARumler and Brache , were of the opinion that if training was to make any significant contribution to an organization; it should be in the form of effective performance enhancement for each individual. Hence their idea of gauging training needs, sprouted from understanding the variable that went into defining the performance systems of each individual employee. Mager and Pipe, suggest analyzing training needs by first differentiating a lack of performance due to skill de ficiency, from that due to lack of motivation. 2.4. Integrated Approach to TNALeat and Lovell, propose an approach to understand training needs by combining the various levels of analysis and integrating it into one model.Figure : Integrated approach to TNA Source: Taylor and O’Driscoll, also attempt to provide an integrated approach to TNA. This includes an integration of the O-T-P and performance appraisal approaches to TNA.Figure : Integrating OTP and Performance appraisal models to TNA Source:2.5. Competency based Approach to TNA An interesting study by Agut, Grau and Peiro , suggested that managerial competency needs and technical needs are completely different from each other in the same sample. This study also indicated that the sample did not demand training to meet their need of generic managerial competencies. From this we can understand that a dichotomy does lie between competency needs and technical training needs. Therefore a competency based approach to TNA migh t not be suitable for all kinds of jobs. It might be more suitable for managerial or executive level jobs where the technical demands are lesser.2.6. Individual or Customized Approach Guthrie and Schwoerer , found that the self assessed training needs were positively influenced by perceptions of training utility, self efficacy, managerial support, and span of control positively and negatively influenced by educational level. A study on the individual training needs of music teachers and vocal trainers revealed significant differences in the training demands of the sample. This study also revealed significant differences in the target behaviors to be assessed, and assessment statuses needed by the various participants .2.7. Economic approach The economic approach to training advises managers to select and prioritize training needs based on three criteria: the profit improvement they can bring to the organization, the addition to human capital and the investment  in human capital to meet future contingencies.3. Need for TNATo develop a healthy and vital long range human resource plan, an organization must first understand the training needs of the firm, the people and the future of the firm in conjunction with cooperative strategic planning. Organizational meeting, personnel review and position review are some of the ways in which an effective training need assessment can be carried out in a firm. 4. Different levels of analysis suggested in the various approaches to TNA McGehee and Thayer, considered three levels of analysis; organization, task and man.Morano , suggested looking at the organization’s training needs at two levels i.e. organization and man. The three levels suggested by Taylor and O’Driscoll include, organization, inter organization and man. Rather than levels of analysis these are actually various categories of training need content. For example, the training needs that arise from a man, a task or the organizational content, can all be analyzed at individual, group or organizational levels. Ostroff, Ford, and Goldstein have described this level-content dichotomy in their study. Their level-content framework to assess training needs gives a better picture of the levels of TNA.Table : Level Content Framework of TNA Source: 5. Limitations of a conventional TNA Leat and Lovell, questioned the competency of a traditional TNA in determining training and development needs effectively. They say that a traditional TNA lack the ability to combine the training need analyses at different levels. A few authors have been quoted to say that the traditional TNA is a mechanistic process and its antecedents can be traced back to the industrial revolution over 200 years ago.The rigid behavioral objectives of conventional TNA are antipathetic to current notions of competence . Knight , says that the conventional TNA is not suited to meet the needs of different unique environments i.e. the different patterns of workforce, diffe rent cultures, organizational objectives, strategies and resource constraints. Oatey , criticized the conventional approaches to TNA in their lack of ability to distinguish the specific and general skills  requirements of a firm.6. Conventional measures of training needs Four major approaches were suggested by Kirkpatrick , to gauge the organization’s training needs. These included performance appraisals, supervisor tests, supervisor surveys and forming advisory committees with key personnel. Kirkpatrick , gives eleven approaches to determine the training needs in an organization. They include looking at an organization’s processes and supervisory behavior, analyzing the problems, supervisory actions, and performance appraisals and asking supervisors, superiors and subordinates. As can be seen on closer inspection, these are specific methods to measure training needs rather than approaches.Management appraisals, survey, critical incidents analysis, job analysis, asse ssment centers, psychological tests, skills inventory and data obtained while coaching had been some of the conventional methods used by organizations till that time, to understand the prevalent training needs. Otto and Glaser , suggested certain general guidelines to understand the organization’s training needs. These included, talking to the staff, gathering opinions from all levels in the firm, talking to other department and organizational heads, and reading a variety of the industry literature.ConclusionIn today’s world the concept of a job itself has become blurred. Today’s jobs include concepts as broad banding, multi skilling and path planning. The organizations of this age require a results oriented and deliberate organization strategy. Hence, the TNA in such organizations should also follow suit and be strategic and integrated in its approach. TNA should have direct and unambiguous results. Training should be designed to build on what employees already know. The present age TNA emphasizes on assisting the employees in their work and careers and helping them achieve greater future proficiency and satisfaction at work.This paper investigates the literature on Training Need Analysis (TNA). The theoretical underpinnings of TNA and the various approaches used in firms are discussed in this paper. The different levels of analyses of training needs and the need for TNA in a firm are also discussed in this paper. The paper also throws light on the limitations of the conventional measures and approaches of TNA. Hence, the  paper directs scholars towards the characteristic requirements of a TNA approach more suited for today’s world of work.